Iron Studies: Understanding Anemia and Iron Overload

What Are Iron Studies?

Iron studies are blood tests that measure iron levels, iron binding capacity, and ferritin. These tests diagnose iron deficiency anemia, iron overload (hemochromatosis), and other iron metabolism disorders. Iron is essential for oxygen transport in hemoglobin and energy production.

Components of Iron Studies

1. Serum Iron

Measures iron circulating in blood bound to transferrin. Normal range: 60-170 mcg/dL (males), 50-170 mcg/dL (females). Low iron suggests iron deficiency, while high iron indicates iron overload.

2. Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC)

Measures transferrin protein capacity to carry iron. Normal range: 250-425 mcg/dL. High TIBC with low serum iron indicates iron deficiency. Low TIBC suggests iron overload.

3. Transferrin Saturation

Calculated as (serum iron / TIBC) × 100. Normal: 20-50%. High transferrin saturation (>45%) suggests iron overload and hemochromatosis risk.

4. Ferritin

Stores iron in tissues. Normal: 30-300 ng/mL (males), 15-200 ng/mL (females). Low ferritin indicates iron deficiency, while high ferritin can suggest iron overload or inflammation.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

The most common type of anemia worldwide. Causes include blood loss, inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, and increased iron demands (pregnancy, growth). Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, and difficulty concentrating.

Iron Overload Disorders

Primary Hemochromatosis

Genetic disorder causing excessive iron absorption. Can lead to liver cirrhosis, heart disease, and diabetes if untreated. Early diagnosis through iron studies enables effective management.

Secondary Hemochromatosis

Results from multiple blood transfusions or underlying conditions. Treatment depends on managing the underlying disease while reducing iron levels.

When Should Iron Studies Be Done?

• ✓ Symptoms of anemia (fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath)
• ✓ Family history of hemochromatosis or anemia
• ✓ Chronic blood loss or malabsorption disorders
• ✓ Regular monitoring during pregnancy and lactation
• ✓ After multiple blood transfusions

Treatment Options

Iron deficiency treatment includes oral iron supplements, intravenous iron, and addressing underlying causes. Iron overload is managed with phlebotomy (blood removal), chelation therapy, and dietary iron restriction.